What is SOIL?
Soil is a complex mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms that forms the uppermost layer of the Earth’s crust. It serves as the natural medium for plant growth and supports various vital functions in terrestrial ecosystems
Soil is made up of several components:
Mineral Particles: These are derived from rocks that have broken down over time. They vary in size and composition, and are classified into three main types based on their particle size:
- Sand (largest particles)
- Silt (medium-sized particles)
- Clay (smallest particles)
The combination of these minerals determines the texture of the soil, such as sandy, loamy, or clayey.
Organic Matter: This consists of decomposed plants, animals, and microorganisms. Organic matter, often referred to as humus, plays a key role in improving soil fertility, structure, and moisture retention.
Water: Soil absorbs and holds water, which is essential for plant growth. Water in soil is stored in pore spaces between mineral particles and organic matter, and it provides hydration for plant roots.
Air: Soil also contains air in the pore spaces, which is essential for the survival of plant roots and soil organisms (like worms, fungi, and bacteria). Soil air provides oxygen and other gases needed for respiration by these organisms.
Living Organisms: Soil is home to a vast array of organisms, including bacteria, fungi, earthworms, and insects. These organisms play a critical role in nutrient cycling, breaking down organic matter, and promoting soil health.
Soil can vary greatly depending on location, climate, and time, and it is constantly changing and evolving. The health and composition of soil are central to the growth of plants and the function of ecosystems, making it an essential part of the natural environment.
